RESUMO
Gastric cancer is one of the most important malignancies in the world due to the high burden of disease and lethality. In this work, we compared the main characteristics of gastric cancer between different regions of the world. We reviewed public repositories to retrieve epidemiological, molecular, clinicopathological, and risk factor data. Eastern Asia presents the highest incidence of gastric cancer, followed by eastern and central Europe. Intestinal histology was more frequent in Caucasians, while gastric tumors located in the cardias were less frequent in Africa and Latin America. TP53, LRP1B, and ARID1A are consistently the most frequently altered genes in all population groups. Gastric cancer is most frequent in men. African patients tend to be younger and have a higher proportion of women patients. Different patterns can be observed in the presentation of gastric cancer between different regions of the world. More research is needed in Latin America and Africa since these populations are underrepresented.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Gástricas , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , América Latina/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , África , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The functional role of herbivores in tropical rainforests remains poorly understood. We quantified the magnitude of, and underlying controls on, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycled by invertebrate herbivory along a 2800 m elevational gradient in the tropical Andes spanning 12°C mean annual temperature. We find, firstly, that leaf area loss is greater at warmer sites with lower foliar phosphorus, and secondly, that the estimated herbivore-mediated flux of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus from plants to soil via leaf area loss is similar to, or greater than, other major sources of these nutrients in tropical forests. Finally, we estimate that herbivores consume a significant portion of plant carbon, potentially causing major shifts in the pattern of plant and soil carbon cycling. We conclude that future shifts in herbivore abundance and activity as a result of environmental change could have major impacts on soil fertility and ecosystem carbon sequestration in tropical forests.
Assuntos
Ciclo do Carbono/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Alimentos , Herbivoria/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Folhas de Planta/química , Árvores , Animais , Peru , Análise Espectral , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Menciona que la modernización de las empresas del país requiere de administradores funcionales con acertado manejo y aplicación de los principios de las disciplinas diversas que son sustento y fundamento de las ciencias administrativas como son la economía, la psicología y control en el uso de los recursos empresariales
